Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)在湘江流域河床表层沉积物上的吸附特性研究

以湘江流域河床表层沉积物为吸附剂,用于去除水中Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+),系统研究了沉积物对Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的吸附规律,并探讨了其吸附Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)后的化学稳定性。结果表明,当2种离子单独存在时,沉积物对Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)均具有较好的吸附效果;当2种离子同时存在时,由于竞争作用,沉积物对Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+)的吸附量分别减小了约40%和16%。对吸附平衡的溶液进行曝气和用双蒸水清洗吸附饱和的沉积物后,Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的释放比例较小,说明湘江流域河床表层沉积物吸附Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)后,其化学稳定性较好。沉积物的SEM、FTIR和XRD分析发现,沉积物结构多孔,表面含有大量—OH、—NH,这些基团在吸附重金属阳离子过程中起重要作用。研究结果表明,湘江流域河床表层沉积物对去除水中的Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)有较好的效果,该成果对湘江流域重金属污染控制具有重要参考价值。     

湿喷混凝土支护强度影响规律探究及改进*

为探究普朗铜矿湿喷混凝土技术应用中出现的喷层强度低、易开裂等问题原因,针对水灰比、养护温度2个因素对湿喷混凝土强度发展规律展开研究,采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察湿喷混凝土的微观形貌、EDS和XRD进行物相分析。结果表明:温度是影响湿喷混凝土强度增长关键因素;水灰比越大,硬化水泥石浆体内孔隙越多,混凝土强度越低;温度和水灰比通过影响水化反应造成界面过渡区不同程度微缺陷,是影响混凝土强度根本原因。通过提高养护温度、优化配比及改进施工工艺,改进后喷层28 d强度提高约30%,生产效率提高约8%。     

混合条件对氢氧化镁混凝性能及絮体特性影响

以氢氧化镁作为混凝剂,不同浊度高岭土水样为研究对象,运用iPDA在线监测技术,探求了混合条件对絮体特性和混凝过程的影响;结果表明:快速搅拌转速增大到250 r/min,絮凝效果最好,继续增大,效果变差;随着快速搅拌时间延长到60 s时,絮凝效果逐渐变好,继续延长时间,R值变小絮体细碎;加入超声时,产生的超声振动和冲击力使得絮体被冲击碎,絮凝效果变差;慢速搅拌转速增大至60 r/min时,絮凝效果逐渐变好,再继续延长R值变小。     

模拟扰动条件下太湖水体悬浮物的结构特性

设计了1个水体扰动模拟实验装置, 通过该装置中的光散射分析仪和图象采集、分析系统,能在线记录底泥受到不同强度扰动时水体中悬浮颗粒物的变化过程.利用该装置,研究了太湖梅梁湾3个采样点的底泥在受到不同强度扰动后,水体浊度变化规律和悬浮颗粒物结构特性.结果表明,底泥含水率及粒度分布对底泥受扰动后再悬浮的潜力有较大影响,含水率越高,再悬浮的潜力越大.随着扰动强度增大,水体的浊度相应增加,水体中悬浮颗粒物中值粒径也增大,分别从6.63, 5.79, 5.51 μm上升到12.49, 11.38, 13.33 μm.悬浮颗粒物图象分析表明,颗粒物在扰动中发生聚集、絮凝过程.颗粒物图象的形态学分析表明,悬浮颗粒物形状呈现分形现象,颗粒物的长短比在1.27～1.52之间,分形维数D₂则在1.72～1.94之间.     

藻类絮凝体形态学特征及其与气浮的关系研究

采用聚合氯化铝(PAC)作为混凝药剂,利用混凝-气浮技术去除水中铜绿微囊藻(MA),用图像法对絮凝体的分形维数进行测定,分析不同混凝条件下的气浮除藻效果以及PAC-MA絮凝体的形态学特征,并探讨两者的关系.结果表明,在快速混合搅拌强度和时间分别为500 s-1和1 min,回流比为10%条件下,PAC最佳投药量范围为5.6-9.8 mg/L Al2O3,最佳点为8.4 mg/LAl2O3;最佳的絮凝反应搅拌强度范围为50～80 s-1,最佳点为50 8-1;最佳的絮凝时间范围为5～8 min;投药量、絮凝反应搅拌强度及时间对PAC-MA絮凝体形态有着显著影响,在最佳混凝条件下,絮凝体的二维分形维数D2较小,在1.168 8～1.235 7之:间,相对应的絮凝体的平均粒径较大,在300～500 μm之间;在适当的混凝条件下,结构疏松,枝权较多,尺寸较大的PAC-MA絮凝体与气泡粘附效果好,容易气浮去除.     

Morphological Study on Hydrolytic Degradation of Poly(tetramethylene succinate) Single Crystals and Spherulites

The morphological changes of Poly(tetramethylene succinate) single crystal lamellae by hydrolysis are investigated, using TEM, WAXD and SAXS. And the morphology of PTMS spherulites was also observed by optical microscopy after treatments as well as single crystal lamellae. The edge region of single crystal lamella can be most easily affected in the initial stage of hydrolysis. As the hydrolysis time increases, the lamellae are separated into small fragments which may be started from the uneven or irregular parts of the surface. The WAXD results showed that crystallinity were increased with increasing of treatment time. The lamellar thickness decreased at the initial stage of hydrolysis and increased again. There were cracks on the surface of spherulites after hydrolysis and the direction of cracks were tangential direction of spherulites. This result was thought to be from the uniformity of molecular arrangement in the crystallographic unit cell.     

新型航空清洗剂对航空铝合金防盐雾性能影响的分析

目的 评价新型航空清洗剂对航空铝合金防盐雾性能的影响。方法 对航空铝合金7075在施加清洗剂清洗后开展中性盐雾试验,通过扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析仪、高分辨率拉曼光谱等研究手段,对铝合金的表面形貌、组织成分及关键化学组分的变化情况进行对比分析,综合评价该清洗剂对铝合金的性能影响。结果 经过新型航空清洗剂清洗和6 h中性盐雾试验后,清洗剂仍在铝合金表面残留有保护膜,且清洗后的铝合金表面经盐雾实验后依然光亮,有明显的二次相颗粒,无絮状物和氯化钠结晶体,其表面褐色腐蚀斑点也更小。结论 经清洗后,铝合金的盐雾腐蚀程度明显更轻,说明清洗剂中的缓蚀剂成分起到了保护作用,该清洗剂具有防盐沉降的作用,可提升航空铝合金的防盐雾腐蚀性能。     

铜绿微囊藻对混凝除氟的促进作用及机理分析

以铜绿微囊藻、氯化铝（AlCl₃·6H₂O）为研究对象,通过三维荧光、场发射扫描电镜等表征,探究了藻类对氟化物混凝去除机制的影响.结果表明,在pH值为7.0,8.0,9.0,Al投加量在20.0~80.0mg/L的条件下,铜绿微囊藻对混凝除氟有明显的促进作用,其促进作用主要在于藻絮体对氟的表面吸附.铜绿微囊藻与氯化铝水解产物通过吸附架桥和网捕卷扫作用,聚集成较大较多的絮体.絮体粒径越大,除氟率越高.pH值为7.0,Al投加量为40.0mg/L时,絮体粒径达到最大值500μm,此时氟去除率最高,为77.37%;当Al投加量为80.0mg/L时,藻细胞破损严重,有机物过多释放,对混凝除氟起阻碍作用.絮体破碎吸附实验结果表明,对絮体进行一定强度破碎可以增加吸附位点,从而提高氟的去除率;但破碎强度过大,絮体粒径过小,对氟的吸附效率亦会降低.     

Screening hydroxyapatite for cadmium and lead immobilization in aqueous solution and contaminated soil: The role of surface area

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) has been widely used to immobilize many cationic metals in water and soils. The specific reason why an increase in the surface area of HAP enhances cadmium (Cd) uptake, but has no effect on lead (Pb) uptake, is not clear. The aim of this study was to determine the factors causing the differences in sorption behavior between Cd and Pb by evaluating HAPs with different surface areas. We synthesized HAPs with two different surface areas, which were characterized by X-ray diffraction, N₂ adsorption, and scanning electron microscopy, and then evaluated them as sorbents for Cd and Pb removal by testing in single and binary systems. The sorption capacity of large surface area HAP (1.85 mmol/g) for Cd in the single-metal system was higher than that of small surface area HAP (0.64 mmol/g), but there were no differences between single- and binary-metal solutions containing Pb. After the Cd experiments, the HAP retained a stable structure and intact morphology, which promotes the accessibility of reactive sites for Cd. However, a newly formed precipitate covered the surface and blocked the channels in the presence of Pb, which reduced the number of potential adsorption sites on HAP for Cd and Pb. Remediation experiments using Cd- and Pb-contaminated soil produced similar results to the solution tests. These results indicate that alterations of the structure and morphology during the reaction is an important factor influencing metal sorption to HAP.     

粤港澳大湾区典型潮间带环境多介质中Cd形态空间分布特征及其影响因素

在粤港澳大湾区典型潮间带开展了14个站位同步采样和观测,分析各采样点表水、孔隙水、悬浮物和沉积物中Cd形态的空间分布特征,并结合环境因子采用统计分析方法探讨不同介质中Cd形态分布差异的影响因素.结果表明,各潮间带环境表水、孔隙水、悬浮物和沉积物中Cd含量范围分别为0.41～15.03μg·L^-1、 0.41～27.54μg·L^-1、 0.41～4.88 mg·kg^-1和0.20～5.30 mg·kg^-1,东莞沙角湾Cd含量显著高于其他采样点,主要与东莞发达的电子和制造业有关;同一采样点表水中Cd浓度略低于孔隙水,而悬浮物中Cd含量与沉积物相当.形态分析结果显示：表水和孔隙水中Cd均以离子态为主,质量分数分别为67.23%～97.56%和33.33%～97.16%;悬浮物和沉积物中Cd均以残渣态为主,质量分数分别为45.45%～96.36%和45.80%～97.27%.Pearson相关性分析表明溶液相中络合态Cd与氧化还原电位（ORP）和pH呈显著负相关,与总有机碳呈显著正相关;固相沉积物中生物有效...